Factors that Contribute to the Popularity of Reality Shows...

Research aim and significance This study examines voting – a feature of interaction and engagement of audience with reality television. The study aims to investigate which factors influencing on television viewers’ decision to vote and also provide an exploration on their psychological side which may be vital for understanding their interactive behaviors. In the context of greater interaction between the programs and its audiences has been stimulating by television producers, it is significant to research this interactive form of reality television that encourages deeper audience participation. The findings of this study offer view on multiple sides involving opportunies and challenges for broadcast media companies and digital platform†¦show more content†¦In its most famous form (in such series as Big Brother, The X Factor, Idol and The Voice), reality television has been transformed into interactive cross-platform media experience, soliciting direct audience participation, by telephone and the use of interactive functions of digital technology (Charles, 2012). Griffen-Foley (2004) argued that all of these media outlets have sought to attend their consumers as ‘textual actors’ which boosted the perception of engagement and generate a ‘loyal community’ of audience. Among them, voting is assigned as a prominent and lucrative option of viewer feedback, particularly in talent-based reality shows (Enli Ihlebà ¦k, 2011). Godlewski and Perse (2010) developed the theory of audience activity to scrutinize the relationship between viewing motivations, recognition of the participants, ‘cognitive and emotional involvement’ before, during and after exposure to media content. The scholars discovered that, instead of according with the levels of cognitive and emotional involvement during exposure, reality television provides to the audiences new kinds of post-exposure activity and also opportunities for finding previously unavailable ‘additional gratifications’ through voting to affect the program’s result. Such interactivity creates involving experiences via the active control of the media. In addition, there is a higher level of psychological engagementShow MoreRelatedNegative Stereotypes in Reality Television1639 Words   |  7 PagesAs Reality TV becomes more prominent it seems as though negative stereotypes overtly saturate this genre of entertainment. The popularity of reality TV shows subliminally support the preconceived or self-fulfilling prophesy consumers may have towards a certain person or group of people. Reality TV has had an extensive run demeaning African Americans while perpetuating stereotypes. More specifically today, black men are portrayed as stereotypical Brute individuals on the reality TV show Love andRead MoreThe Mass Media Invasion1516 Words   |  7 PagesHyemin Park Prof. Melissa A. Basalla ESL 151 November 29, 2017 The Chaotic Media Invasion Mass media means media where a large number of people can access the main media such as newspaper, tv, and the internet. The purpose of mass media is to provide information, entertainment and advertising. Mass media are classified as electronic media and print media. Electronic media include movies, the internet, radio, and television. Print media include magazines, journals and newspapers. Today, communicationRead MoreThe History of Television Essay1473 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of television and its influence on people lives. How did television revolutionize the world? TV, more commonly known as ‘television’ is one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century. In ancient Greek tà ¨le means ‘far, and in Latin visio means sight. From my perspective and many people of the world television has changed the way we live. Television has brought many amazing things, however nothing is perfect. Television sets were commercially available since the late 1920s but in veryRead MoreSatellite Channel Revolution in Bangladesh5002 Words   |  21 PagesHistory of satellite channel ï  ¶ 1st TV channel of Banladesh ï  ¶ Concept of Satellite Television in Bangladesh ï  ¶ Development of Satellite Television (STV) in Bangladesh ï  ¶ Background Information(Growth of TV Channels in Bangladesh) ï  ¶ List of Bangladeshi satellite channel ï  ¶ 1st satellite channel of Bangladesh ï  ¶ Programmes show in Bangladeshi satellite channel ï  ¶ TV news in banladeshi satellite channels ï  ¶ Beginning of the Change in Bangladesh ï  ¶ Cable Connection in Dhaka City ï  ¶ TV without Border (CNN entry in Bangladesh)Read MoreAdvancement And Recommendations For Fingerprinting1519 Words   |  7 Pagesfundamental characteristics about fingerprints that contribute to its uniqueness. Firstly, till date, no two fingers have been recognized to possess identical ridge features (Saferstein, 2011, p. 390). So far, the FBI has nearly 50 million records and no two prints have been found to be exactly the same. The genetic make-up of an individual probably plays a role in determining the sizes and shapes of the patterns but it is not the only factor to be considered. This can be proved by the fact thatRead MoreThe Unfortunate Prevalence of Cosmetic Surgery1960 Words   |  8 Pageslooks down upon individuals that do not fit in, whether in terms of body shape or facial attractiveness. This forces them to consider the option of ordering beauty. Since cosmetic surgery is no longer a social taboo in America given its widespread popularity, more people are pro moting it which ultimately affects the rest of the world due to the unwavering influence of American culture. Cosmetic surgery should be deterred in the US because it promotes the idea of valuing appearance over ability, givesRead MoreImpact of Reality Television on Society2286 Words   |  10 PagesThe Impact Reality Television Has On Our Youth Misty Stouffer ENG 122 Marnie Nollette April 18, 2011 â€Æ' The Impact Reality Television Has On Our Youth Television serves nearly 30 hours of entertainment to children 8 to 18, weekly. Reality television is a phenomenon that is sweeping the globe. These programs are widely viewed by kids, tweens, and teens. Many of these kids idolize reality stars and mimic their every move and their vocabulary. This alleged reality is negatively affecting the well-beingRead MoreEssay on Television and Media Effect on the Public4834 Words   |  20 Pagesdelegates on television have abused theirs powers over society through the airing of appealing news shows that misinform the public. Through literary research and experimentation, it has been proven that peoples perception of reality has been altered by the information they receive from such programs. Manipulation, misinterpretation, word arrangement, picture placement and timing are all factors and tricks that play a major role in the case. Research, experimentation, and actual media coverage hasRead MoreCafe Marketing Plan4008 Words   |  17 Pagesthat are full of flavor and excitement. Market Summary The Andes Cafe is faced with the exciting opportunity of being one of the first South American cafes to appeal to mainstream customers. The popularity of eating out and trying new foods, combined with the growing interest an influx of food network shows has added to our success. The fusion of art and food is proving to be a winning concept Target Market Growth: †¢ University students continue to grow at a steady pace, at nearly 4% †¢ Office workersRead MoreThe Issue Of Mainstream Media Bias Essay2115 Words   |  9 Pagesbeginning to understand the intent. Legitimate media sources in the context of this article includes those news outlets listed in the Pew Research Centers 2014 study of the most trusted news outlets in America, and of those with the widest accessibility factor. The top ten trusted media outlets of the study included The Economist, BBC, NPR, PBS, The Wall Street Journal, ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, CNN and USA Today. With The New York Times, The Washington Post and MSNBC coming in at number thirteen, fourteen

The Spirit of Public Administration by H George Frederickson Free Essays

H. George Frederickson†s â€Å"The Spirit of Public Administration† is an informative yet drab look at motivating public administrators. Frederickson discusses a wide variety of topics that would be useful to any public administrator, but the verbiage used is a bit difficult for an individual that may be entering into the service field â€Å"The Spirit of Public Administration is broken down into three parts. We will write a custom essay sample on The Spirit of Public Administration by H George Frederickson or any similar topic only for you Order Now These parts are: Part I: Governance, Politics, and the Public Part III: Ethics, Citizenship, and Benevolence in Public Administration Frederickson did take the initiative to explain public administration and some of its functions before going in-depth on different facets of the role. Some great topics discussed were governance, fairness and social equity, and ethics and public administration. Frederickson begins in Chapter 1 by explaining that â€Å"public administration is both a profession and field of study (p. 19).† This statement is very exact. Often times public administrators focus on the profession and do not practice studying their role in society. â€Å"The word administration is the subject of extended study, analysis, and discourse (p. 19).† Meaning the role of the public administrator is to lead along with learning as they progress through their careers. Also, in the chapter, Frederickson addresses ways in which to encourage citizen involvement in government. Frederickson acknowledges Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age, 11-point suggestion in achieving the goal: 2. Television town meetings and a civic communications cooperative 3. Civic education and equal access to information: a civic education postal act and a civic videotext service. 4. Supplementary institutions, including representative town meetings, office holding by lot, decriminalization, and lay justice 5. A national initiative and referendum process 7. Election by slot; sortition and rotation 8. Vouchers and the market approach to public choice 9. National citizenship and common action: universal citizen service and related volunteer programs and training and employment opportunities 10. Neighborhood citizenship and common action: extensive volunteerism and sweat-equity Frederickson evaluates that some of these suggestions may be impractical. As an african-american citizen, all of the suggestions seemed impractical. Often times, minority populations do not have the time to participate in meetings and volunteerism. A more effective way may be informative newsletters that provide alternate solutions that are not as time consuming. Chapter 2 and 3 discusses the political aspect of public administration and governance. In Chapter2, Frederickson discusses the theory on which his book is based upon, the Hamiltonian tradition. This chapter makes valid points in how important it is for administrators to be versed in politics. Administrators are not delegated power through the U.S. Constitution, but state constitutions are political processes allow for administrators to be more involved in government. Through this vital tool, administrators are able to profoundly assist the public. After addressing the political aspect, Frederickson makes a smooth transition in Chapter 3 to discuss governance. Frederickson points out that there are several different definitions in defining governance. Frederickson makes a profound remark by stating, â€Å"it is likely that governance is the preferred modern theory that attempts to marry politics to administration (p. 92).† Frederickson also list five vital points pertaining to governance (p.92): 2. Governance is a remarkable fusion of popular literature on government reform, popular executive politics, serious empirical scholarship, and modern public administration theory. 3. Public administration as governance has a better windup than pitch. 4. The use of governance as a surrogate for public administration masks the fundamental issue of what ought to be the role of non-elected public officials in a democratic party There must always be boundaries set between governing and governance. â€Å"In public administration as governance, it is essential that we do not diminish our institutions to such an extent that we lose our capacity to support the development of sound public policy, as well as our ability to effectively implement that policy (p.94).† Chapter 4 begins Part II a very important aspect of Public Administration, Issues of Fairness. During Chapter 4, Frederickson utilizes different philosophers to express how discretion is part of government and non-profit organizational life. To further reiterate the importance of this topic, Frederickson discusses in Chapter 5 the specifics of fairness and social equity in the theory and practice of public administration. Frederickson reviews theoretical, legal, and analytical developments of the past twenty years as it pertains to fairness and social equity. These two chapters were crucial in actually focusing on the â€Å"spirit† of public administration due to the increased amount of fraud and lack of faith citizens have for government. Chapter 4 and 5 validates intergenerational concepts of public administration that are discussed in Chapter 6. The success of public administrators is based on future generations. Frederickson believes moral and ethical responsibility should be extended to future generations. As he states, â€Å"philosophy and the practical affairs of people is to practice fairness, justice and equity†¦.There can be no moral community without some agreed upon arrangements for all three (p.150).† Morality in government has been extended from generation to generation. Government has tried to fix moral wrongs through creating the public school system to provide education for all, the abolition of slavery, and constantly raising concerns of ecology for future generations. â€Å"Following the logic of the command theory of social equity, public officials should seek to adopt and implement policies that support intergenerational social equity (p.151).† For example, Garrett Hardin (1980) addressed problems of overpopulation. Because of this concern for upcoming generations, contraceptives and education have been provided to all classes to preserve the nation economy, which allows society to sustain or improve its current condition. Privatization has also been a concern addressed for future generations. Frederickson expresses, â€Å"government through public policy must intervene in the private market to regulate in favor of future generations (p.153).† Just as government and administrators have done in the past, regulating private companies will protect the interest of the public while allowing government to continue generating revenue for future generations. Chapters 7 through 11 compose Part III of The Spirit of Public Administration. Part III discusses Ethics, Citizenship, and Benevolence in Public Administration. Chapter 7 discusses very controversial issues on ethics in public administration. The chapter effectively begins by discussing how government reform of the early 20th Century has affected American government today and that the current practices of ethic reform will have the same lasting effect. In early government..†Increasing administrative capacity and decreasing politics reduced corruption. In the present case, we are moving in the opposite direction, reducing administrative capacity and increasing political control, with the probability that more rather than less corruption will result (p.181).† A point that Frederickson stated was that â€Å"today, government provides more controls on political corruption than in the past (p.181).† Based on recent events that continuously occur, i.e. embezzlement, fraud, that statement may have been slightly skewed. Frederickson validates the statement by addressing innovative tasks that are or should be followed in ethics research agenda: 1. Standards of right and wrong vary significantly from context to context. 2. Researchers should compare ethical standards and behavior between settings, professions, and cultures. 3. Researchers should assess the effect on the behavior of government officials, both political and administrative of traditional procedural and managerial controls compared with modern approaches. 5. Assess the influence of privatization on governmental corruption and ethics 6. Measure the effects of reduced administrative discretion on both administrative effectiveness and ethics. Chapters 8 through 11 focused on boundaries and roles that the public administrator should adhere to and how negative views of government effect administrators in a positive and negative light. These chapters seem to become redundant and uninformative because they seem to focus more on a national level than local and most administrators† function at a state or local capacity. In Chapter 8 Frederickson discusses several points on the pros and cons of negative views of government: Good results of negative opinions of government: 2. Funding for schools and higher standards Bad results (less ethical government) 1. Due to downsizing of merit civil servants, the loss of institutional memory and the â€Å"hollowing out† of government. 2. Deregulation. No rules which gives incentive to fraud). 3. Contract employees (high kickback and fraud) 4. Authorities and special districts (fraud on fee-for-service contracts). This statement plainly shows that government is in need of much work and public administrators will continue to have the hardest task of gaining citizen trust based on government†s profound corruption. Though Frederickson should have definitely created an upbeat book to keep the â€Å"spirit† of public administration motivated, he brought forth some valid points that a public administrator could utilize. The conclusions of his overly long chapters helped the reader to stay abreast on the points that he was expressing in each chapter. Due to time constraints of most administrators, a cliff notes version or quick reference book would be an ideal tool for public servants on all levels. How to cite The Spirit of Public Administration by H George Frederickson, Papers

Interpretation Loss and Application

Question: Discuss about the Interpretation Loss and Application. Answer: Introduction The aim of this essay is to provide a brief understanding about Impairment loss in context of accounting. It also describes the nature of impairment loss along with its accounting treatment. The essay contains two parts. One is the theory part and another one is practical application of the theory. International Accounting Standard 36 Impairment of Assets deals with impaired assets of a company and the key requirements of the standard regarding impairment have also been discussed in the essay. Procedures applied by a company for determining impaired assets value is also discussed in the essay. Finally, the essay concludes with identifying required disclosures in relation to impairment of assets. Impairment Loss The term impairment refers to the permanent reduction in the market value of a companys fixed asset and goodwill. It indicates an unexpected decline in an assets value below its carrying amount. Impairment loss occurs when the difference between fair value and recorded value of an asset becomes unrecoverable (Glaum et al., 2013). Fair value refers to the amount that is received on selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability during an ordinary course of transaction at the current price. Book value refers to the value at which an asset is recorded in a companys balance sheet after taking accumulated depreciation and impairment loss into account. Impairment loss is generally associated with long-lived assets like buildings, land, machinery, and equipment of a company. The issues related to impairment of assets are governed by International Accounting Standard (IAS) 36. As per this standard, impairment is caused to an asset when the amount that could be recovered from its sale or use exceeds its recorded value (Jordan et al., 2015). In such a case, the impaired asset is deemed to have lost its value. IAS 36 is applied to all those assets which are recorded at their costs or revalued amounts in accordance with other applicable accounting standards. Also AASB 136 contains specific requirements to allocate the impairment losses arising in relation to CGU (Cash-generating unit). Nature and accounting treatment of Impairment loss: As per the principles of IAS 36, a company must not carry its assets at a value more than its recoverable amount. The decline in the value of a companys assets can occur due to various reasons like wear and tear, poor management of assets, increased competition, and technological advancements (Harris et al., 2014). IAS 36 provides a set of procedures for the companies to recognize impairment loss of an asset as an expense in profit and loss account and credited to the asset. The loss decreases the income in profit and loss account and also the total assets in balance sheet. However, when an impaired asset is revalued under IAS 16 and IAS 38 then such impairment loss is considered as a revaluation reduction, decreasing the revaluation gain for the asset (Lavi, 2016). It is then recognized in comprehensive income statement. If the amount of impairment loss is higher than the revaluation gain then the remaining loss is recorded as an expense in the income statement of the company. An impairment loss is recognized only when book value of assets is higher than their recoverable value. Assets that must be tested annually for impairment: Intangible assets, having indefinite useful lives and, intangibles which are not yet available for use are statutorily required to be tested annually for determining their impaired value (Christian, and Ldenbach, 2013). Also, Goodwill acquired in a business combination must undergo through impaired test. The IAS 36 permits companies to perform impairment test at any time during an annual period, provided that every year, the test should be performed at the same time. Calculation of Impairment loss: The impairment cost can be computed by using two methods. First one is Incurred loss model and the second one is expected loss model. Incurred Loss Model: Under this model, investments of a company are recorded in PL account as impaired assets; if it is deemed that collection of future cash flows associated with the investments are uncertain (Avallone and Quagli, 2015). Such an uncertainty may occur when the company is growing through financial crisis or the company has failed fulfil its principle obligations or interest thereon. It may also occur when the company is experiencing unfavourable economic changes. In such circumstances, the company needs to determine recoverable amount of its impaired investments. After then, impairment cost of investments is calculated as follows: Impairments cost = Recoverable amount Carrying value Expected Loss Model: Under this model, present value of investments is assessed using estimates of future cash flows, made on continuous basis. These revised estimates are discounted at the same effective rate of interest which was used at the time of purchase of investments. Indications of impaired assets: External sources of information: External sources signify that an asset has impaired. These sources include significant fall in the market value of an asset, unfavourable changes in technology, economic and market conditions, laws and regulations, and rise in interest rates and rates of return. Internal sources of information: Internal sources indicating impairment of assets include obsolescence or physical damage to an asset, idleness of asset, disposal or restructuring of asset and worse economic performance of an asset. In case of investments in subsidiaries, jointly controlled entity or associates, the book value of investees net assets is lower than the carrying value of assets (Ballas et al., 2015). Also the comprehensive income of the investee is lower than the amount of dividend declared. Moreover, the indication of asset being impaired depicts that the company should review or adjust useful life, depreciation method or residual value of the asset. Reversal of Impairment losses: Sometimes, non-existence or decrease in recognized impairment loss, except goodwill may be indicated by external and internal sources of information. In such circumstances, the impairment loss which was recorded earlier in the PL account is reversed (Stice and Stice, 2011). However, reversal of impairment loss is allowed only when, there is a change in any one of the estimates employed to assess the assets recoverable price. It means that a company cannot reverse impairment loss of its assets merely due to passing of time or advancement in the general market conditions. In US GAAP, impairment loss for long-lasting assets that was previously recognized cannot be reversed. Also, reversal of impairment losses for goodwill is specifically not allowed by IAS 36 (Majid and Adam, 2015). Reversal of Impairment losses are always recognized in profit and loss account of a company. In addition to this, adjustment of depreciation for future periods is also required in order to reflect revised carrying amount of an asset. Reversal of impairment loss for a cash-generating unit: In case of cash-generating unit, allocation of reversal of impairment losses to an asset of the unit, other than goodwill, is made (Zhuang, 2016). Such an allocation is made with the carrying amount of these assets on pro-rata basis. However, recorded amount of an asset shall not exceed above the lower of its recoverable amount and the recordable amount before taking into account any impairment loss. Assets which do not require Impairment test: Inventories, Deferred Tax Assets and assets held for resale are not required to undergo Impairment test, as specified by IAS 36. Disclosures Disclosures regarding impairment tests performed and recognition of impairments by a company are required as per International Accounting Standard 36 (Epstein and Jermakowicz, 2010). Disclosure requirements for impairment loss of Goodwill are vast than that of other assets. The important disclosure requirements are as follows: Amount of Impairment losses recognized in the profit and loss account of a company along with the amount by which impairment loss was reversed are required to be disclosed. Disclosure of events and circumstances that have led to the impairment loss of assets of the company is required to be disclosed. Description and amount of impairment loss of cash-generating unit is also required to be disclosed. Disclosures regarding the valuation method used to estimate recoverable amount and the key assumptions applied in determining the appropriate valuation method is also required. Practical Application: Calculation of Impairment Loss: = Carrying Amount - Recoverable Amount =$(171,000 + 180,000 + 160,000 + 700,000 + 400,000 + 40,000) - $1420, 000 = $1651, 000 - $1420, 000 =$231,000 Remaining Impairment loss = $ 231,000 - $40,000 = $191,000 Allocation of Impairment loss against all assets: Carrying Amount (1) Pro-rata (2) Impairment loss allocated (3) Adjusted carrying amount (1-3) Goodwill 40,000 40,000 0 Land 200,000 29,000 171,000 Inventory products 180,000 18*191,000/144 23875 156125 Brand Crossbow Shoes 160,000 16*191,000/144 21222 138778 Shoe factory 700,000 70*191,000/144 92847 607153 Machinery for manufacturing shoes 400,000 40*191,000/144 53056 346994 144,0000 191000 1420,000 Journal Entries: Amount ($) Amount ($) Dr. Impairment loss 260,000 Cr. Goodwill 40,000 Cr. Land 29000 Cr. Impairment loss- Inventory products 23875 Cr. Impairment loss- Brand Crossbow Shoes 21222 Cr. Impairment loss- Shoe factory 92847 Cr. Impairment loss- Machinery for manufacturing shoes 53056 Working Notes: Since the asset goodwill can arise only in business combination and cannot be separately recognized, therefore, FV CD for goodwill cannot be determined (Detzen, et al., 2015). Also, AASB 136 specifies that goodwill must be allocated to the lower level at which company evaluates the goodwill. Also, where recorded value of asset is greater than recoverable value, it is equals to impairment loss. If impairment loss is occurred in a CGU in case of goodwill, following allocation principles shall be applied: Decrease the recorded value of CGUs goodwill, to zero. Other assets of the CGU should be allocated on a pro-rata basis (Majid and Adam, 2015). Crossbow Ltd. has identified an impairment loss of $231,000. The remaining impairment loss is calculated as $191,000. Conclusion From the above discussions and practical application, it is concluded that Impairments are an essential component of the Financial Reporting process. Determination of impairment loss of a companys asset may become a complex and time-consuming process, but still the companys owners need to assess impairment loss of their assets, which have lost their value. It is also concluded that the finance team of a company must possess required skills and knowledge in order to select most appropriate approach and method for valuation of assets. Also, the top management of the company should also provide support and guidance while adopting the valuation process so as to fulfil the IAS 36 requirements. References Avallone, F. and Quagli, A., (2015) Insight into the variables used to manage the goodwill impairment test under IAS 36.Advances in Accounting,31(1), pp.107-114. Ballas, A., Panagiotou, V. and Tzovas, C., (2015) Accounting Choices for Tangible Assets: A Study of Greek Firms.SPOUDAI-Journal of Economics and Business,64(4), pp.18-38. Christian, D. and Ldenbach, N. (2013) IFRS Essentials. US: John Wiley Sons. Epstein, B. and Jermakowicz, E. (2010) WILEY Interpretation and Application of International Financial Reporting. US: John Wiley Sons. Glaum, M., Schmidt, P., Street, D.L. and Vogel, S., (2013) Compliance with IFRS 3-and IAS 36-required disclosures across 17 European countries: company-and country-level determinants.Accounting and business research,43(3), pp.163-204. Harris, P., Jermakowicz, E.K. and Epstein, B.J., (2014) Converting Financial Statements from US GAAP to IFRS.The CPA Journal,84(1), p.20. Jordan, C.E. and Clark, S.J., (2015) Do Canadian Companies Employ Big Bath Accounting When Recording Goodwill Impairment?.International Journal of Economics and Finance,7(9), p.159. Lavi, M. (2016) The Impact of IFRS on Industry. US: John Wiley Sons. Stice, E and Stice, J. (2011) Intermediate Accounting. US: Cengage Learning. Zhuang, Z., (2016) Discussion of An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance,56(1), pp.289-294. Detzen, D., Wersborg, T.S.G. and Zlch, H., (2015) Bleak Weather for Sun-Shine AG: A Case Study of Impairment of Assets.Issues in Accounting Education,30(2), pp.18-39. Majid, J.A. and Adam, N.C., (2015) Resistance to Institutional Change through Decoupling.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(4), p.531.