Factors that Contribute to the Popularity of Reality Shows...

Research aim and significance This study examines voting – a feature of interaction and engagement of audience with reality television. The study aims to investigate which factors influencing on television viewers’ decision to vote and also provide an exploration on their psychological side which may be vital for understanding their interactive behaviors. In the context of greater interaction between the programs and its audiences has been stimulating by television producers, it is significant to research this interactive form of reality television that encourages deeper audience participation. The findings of this study offer view on multiple sides involving opportunies and challenges for broadcast media companies and digital platform†¦show more content†¦In its most famous form (in such series as Big Brother, The X Factor, Idol and The Voice), reality television has been transformed into interactive cross-platform media experience, soliciting direct audience participation, by telephone and the use of interactive functions of digital technology (Charles, 2012). Griffen-Foley (2004) argued that all of these media outlets have sought to attend their consumers as ‘textual actors’ which boosted the perception of engagement and generate a ‘loyal community’ of audience. Among them, voting is assigned as a prominent and lucrative option of viewer feedback, particularly in talent-based reality shows (Enli Ihlebà ¦k, 2011). Godlewski and Perse (2010) developed the theory of audience activity to scrutinize the relationship between viewing motivations, recognition of the participants, ‘cognitive and emotional involvement’ before, during and after exposure to media content. The scholars discovered that, instead of according with the levels of cognitive and emotional involvement during exposure, reality television provides to the audiences new kinds of post-exposure activity and also opportunities for finding previously unavailable ‘additional gratifications’ through voting to affect the program’s result. Such interactivity creates involving experiences via the active control of the media. In addition, there is a higher level of psychological engagementShow MoreRelatedNegative Stereotypes in Reality Television1639 Words   |  7 PagesAs Reality TV becomes more prominent it seems as though negative stereotypes overtly saturate this genre of entertainment. 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The Spirit of Public Administration by H George Frederickson Free Essays

H. George Frederickson†s â€Å"The Spirit of Public Administration† is an informative yet drab look at motivating public administrators. Frederickson discusses a wide variety of topics that would be useful to any public administrator, but the verbiage used is a bit difficult for an individual that may be entering into the service field â€Å"The Spirit of Public Administration is broken down into three parts. We will write a custom essay sample on The Spirit of Public Administration by H George Frederickson or any similar topic only for you Order Now These parts are: Part I: Governance, Politics, and the Public Part III: Ethics, Citizenship, and Benevolence in Public Administration Frederickson did take the initiative to explain public administration and some of its functions before going in-depth on different facets of the role. Some great topics discussed were governance, fairness and social equity, and ethics and public administration. Frederickson begins in Chapter 1 by explaining that â€Å"public administration is both a profession and field of study (p. 19).† This statement is very exact. Often times public administrators focus on the profession and do not practice studying their role in society. â€Å"The word administration is the subject of extended study, analysis, and discourse (p. 19).† Meaning the role of the public administrator is to lead along with learning as they progress through their careers. Also, in the chapter, Frederickson addresses ways in which to encourage citizen involvement in government. Frederickson acknowledges Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age, 11-point suggestion in achieving the goal: 2. Television town meetings and a civic communications cooperative 3. Civic education and equal access to information: a civic education postal act and a civic videotext service. 4. Supplementary institutions, including representative town meetings, office holding by lot, decriminalization, and lay justice 5. A national initiative and referendum process 7. Election by slot; sortition and rotation 8. Vouchers and the market approach to public choice 9. National citizenship and common action: universal citizen service and related volunteer programs and training and employment opportunities 10. Neighborhood citizenship and common action: extensive volunteerism and sweat-equity Frederickson evaluates that some of these suggestions may be impractical. As an african-american citizen, all of the suggestions seemed impractical. Often times, minority populations do not have the time to participate in meetings and volunteerism. A more effective way may be informative newsletters that provide alternate solutions that are not as time consuming. Chapter 2 and 3 discusses the political aspect of public administration and governance. In Chapter2, Frederickson discusses the theory on which his book is based upon, the Hamiltonian tradition. This chapter makes valid points in how important it is for administrators to be versed in politics. Administrators are not delegated power through the U.S. Constitution, but state constitutions are political processes allow for administrators to be more involved in government. Through this vital tool, administrators are able to profoundly assist the public. After addressing the political aspect, Frederickson makes a smooth transition in Chapter 3 to discuss governance. Frederickson points out that there are several different definitions in defining governance. Frederickson makes a profound remark by stating, â€Å"it is likely that governance is the preferred modern theory that attempts to marry politics to administration (p. 92).† Frederickson also list five vital points pertaining to governance (p.92): 2. Governance is a remarkable fusion of popular literature on government reform, popular executive politics, serious empirical scholarship, and modern public administration theory. 3. Public administration as governance has a better windup than pitch. 4. The use of governance as a surrogate for public administration masks the fundamental issue of what ought to be the role of non-elected public officials in a democratic party There must always be boundaries set between governing and governance. â€Å"In public administration as governance, it is essential that we do not diminish our institutions to such an extent that we lose our capacity to support the development of sound public policy, as well as our ability to effectively implement that policy (p.94).† Chapter 4 begins Part II a very important aspect of Public Administration, Issues of Fairness. During Chapter 4, Frederickson utilizes different philosophers to express how discretion is part of government and non-profit organizational life. To further reiterate the importance of this topic, Frederickson discusses in Chapter 5 the specifics of fairness and social equity in the theory and practice of public administration. Frederickson reviews theoretical, legal, and analytical developments of the past twenty years as it pertains to fairness and social equity. These two chapters were crucial in actually focusing on the â€Å"spirit† of public administration due to the increased amount of fraud and lack of faith citizens have for government. Chapter 4 and 5 validates intergenerational concepts of public administration that are discussed in Chapter 6. The success of public administrators is based on future generations. Frederickson believes moral and ethical responsibility should be extended to future generations. As he states, â€Å"philosophy and the practical affairs of people is to practice fairness, justice and equity†¦.There can be no moral community without some agreed upon arrangements for all three (p.150).† Morality in government has been extended from generation to generation. Government has tried to fix moral wrongs through creating the public school system to provide education for all, the abolition of slavery, and constantly raising concerns of ecology for future generations. â€Å"Following the logic of the command theory of social equity, public officials should seek to adopt and implement policies that support intergenerational social equity (p.151).† For example, Garrett Hardin (1980) addressed problems of overpopulation. Because of this concern for upcoming generations, contraceptives and education have been provided to all classes to preserve the nation economy, which allows society to sustain or improve its current condition. Privatization has also been a concern addressed for future generations. Frederickson expresses, â€Å"government through public policy must intervene in the private market to regulate in favor of future generations (p.153).† Just as government and administrators have done in the past, regulating private companies will protect the interest of the public while allowing government to continue generating revenue for future generations. Chapters 7 through 11 compose Part III of The Spirit of Public Administration. Part III discusses Ethics, Citizenship, and Benevolence in Public Administration. Chapter 7 discusses very controversial issues on ethics in public administration. The chapter effectively begins by discussing how government reform of the early 20th Century has affected American government today and that the current practices of ethic reform will have the same lasting effect. In early government..†Increasing administrative capacity and decreasing politics reduced corruption. In the present case, we are moving in the opposite direction, reducing administrative capacity and increasing political control, with the probability that more rather than less corruption will result (p.181).† A point that Frederickson stated was that â€Å"today, government provides more controls on political corruption than in the past (p.181).† Based on recent events that continuously occur, i.e. embezzlement, fraud, that statement may have been slightly skewed. Frederickson validates the statement by addressing innovative tasks that are or should be followed in ethics research agenda: 1. Standards of right and wrong vary significantly from context to context. 2. Researchers should compare ethical standards and behavior between settings, professions, and cultures. 3. Researchers should assess the effect on the behavior of government officials, both political and administrative of traditional procedural and managerial controls compared with modern approaches. 5. Assess the influence of privatization on governmental corruption and ethics 6. Measure the effects of reduced administrative discretion on both administrative effectiveness and ethics. Chapters 8 through 11 focused on boundaries and roles that the public administrator should adhere to and how negative views of government effect administrators in a positive and negative light. These chapters seem to become redundant and uninformative because they seem to focus more on a national level than local and most administrators† function at a state or local capacity. In Chapter 8 Frederickson discusses several points on the pros and cons of negative views of government: Good results of negative opinions of government: 2. Funding for schools and higher standards Bad results (less ethical government) 1. Due to downsizing of merit civil servants, the loss of institutional memory and the â€Å"hollowing out† of government. 2. Deregulation. No rules which gives incentive to fraud). 3. Contract employees (high kickback and fraud) 4. Authorities and special districts (fraud on fee-for-service contracts). This statement plainly shows that government is in need of much work and public administrators will continue to have the hardest task of gaining citizen trust based on government†s profound corruption. Though Frederickson should have definitely created an upbeat book to keep the â€Å"spirit† of public administration motivated, he brought forth some valid points that a public administrator could utilize. The conclusions of his overly long chapters helped the reader to stay abreast on the points that he was expressing in each chapter. Due to time constraints of most administrators, a cliff notes version or quick reference book would be an ideal tool for public servants on all levels. How to cite The Spirit of Public Administration by H George Frederickson, Papers

Interpretation Loss and Application

Question: Discuss about the Interpretation Loss and Application. Answer: Introduction The aim of this essay is to provide a brief understanding about Impairment loss in context of accounting. It also describes the nature of impairment loss along with its accounting treatment. The essay contains two parts. One is the theory part and another one is practical application of the theory. International Accounting Standard 36 Impairment of Assets deals with impaired assets of a company and the key requirements of the standard regarding impairment have also been discussed in the essay. Procedures applied by a company for determining impaired assets value is also discussed in the essay. Finally, the essay concludes with identifying required disclosures in relation to impairment of assets. Impairment Loss The term impairment refers to the permanent reduction in the market value of a companys fixed asset and goodwill. It indicates an unexpected decline in an assets value below its carrying amount. Impairment loss occurs when the difference between fair value and recorded value of an asset becomes unrecoverable (Glaum et al., 2013). Fair value refers to the amount that is received on selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability during an ordinary course of transaction at the current price. Book value refers to the value at which an asset is recorded in a companys balance sheet after taking accumulated depreciation and impairment loss into account. Impairment loss is generally associated with long-lived assets like buildings, land, machinery, and equipment of a company. The issues related to impairment of assets are governed by International Accounting Standard (IAS) 36. As per this standard, impairment is caused to an asset when the amount that could be recovered from its sale or use exceeds its recorded value (Jordan et al., 2015). In such a case, the impaired asset is deemed to have lost its value. IAS 36 is applied to all those assets which are recorded at their costs or revalued amounts in accordance with other applicable accounting standards. Also AASB 136 contains specific requirements to allocate the impairment losses arising in relation to CGU (Cash-generating unit). Nature and accounting treatment of Impairment loss: As per the principles of IAS 36, a company must not carry its assets at a value more than its recoverable amount. The decline in the value of a companys assets can occur due to various reasons like wear and tear, poor management of assets, increased competition, and technological advancements (Harris et al., 2014). IAS 36 provides a set of procedures for the companies to recognize impairment loss of an asset as an expense in profit and loss account and credited to the asset. The loss decreases the income in profit and loss account and also the total assets in balance sheet. However, when an impaired asset is revalued under IAS 16 and IAS 38 then such impairment loss is considered as a revaluation reduction, decreasing the revaluation gain for the asset (Lavi, 2016). It is then recognized in comprehensive income statement. If the amount of impairment loss is higher than the revaluation gain then the remaining loss is recorded as an expense in the income statement of the company. An impairment loss is recognized only when book value of assets is higher than their recoverable value. Assets that must be tested annually for impairment: Intangible assets, having indefinite useful lives and, intangibles which are not yet available for use are statutorily required to be tested annually for determining their impaired value (Christian, and Ldenbach, 2013). Also, Goodwill acquired in a business combination must undergo through impaired test. The IAS 36 permits companies to perform impairment test at any time during an annual period, provided that every year, the test should be performed at the same time. Calculation of Impairment loss: The impairment cost can be computed by using two methods. First one is Incurred loss model and the second one is expected loss model. Incurred Loss Model: Under this model, investments of a company are recorded in PL account as impaired assets; if it is deemed that collection of future cash flows associated with the investments are uncertain (Avallone and Quagli, 2015). Such an uncertainty may occur when the company is growing through financial crisis or the company has failed fulfil its principle obligations or interest thereon. It may also occur when the company is experiencing unfavourable economic changes. In such circumstances, the company needs to determine recoverable amount of its impaired investments. After then, impairment cost of investments is calculated as follows: Impairments cost = Recoverable amount Carrying value Expected Loss Model: Under this model, present value of investments is assessed using estimates of future cash flows, made on continuous basis. These revised estimates are discounted at the same effective rate of interest which was used at the time of purchase of investments. Indications of impaired assets: External sources of information: External sources signify that an asset has impaired. These sources include significant fall in the market value of an asset, unfavourable changes in technology, economic and market conditions, laws and regulations, and rise in interest rates and rates of return. Internal sources of information: Internal sources indicating impairment of assets include obsolescence or physical damage to an asset, idleness of asset, disposal or restructuring of asset and worse economic performance of an asset. In case of investments in subsidiaries, jointly controlled entity or associates, the book value of investees net assets is lower than the carrying value of assets (Ballas et al., 2015). Also the comprehensive income of the investee is lower than the amount of dividend declared. Moreover, the indication of asset being impaired depicts that the company should review or adjust useful life, depreciation method or residual value of the asset. Reversal of Impairment losses: Sometimes, non-existence or decrease in recognized impairment loss, except goodwill may be indicated by external and internal sources of information. In such circumstances, the impairment loss which was recorded earlier in the PL account is reversed (Stice and Stice, 2011). However, reversal of impairment loss is allowed only when, there is a change in any one of the estimates employed to assess the assets recoverable price. It means that a company cannot reverse impairment loss of its assets merely due to passing of time or advancement in the general market conditions. In US GAAP, impairment loss for long-lasting assets that was previously recognized cannot be reversed. Also, reversal of impairment losses for goodwill is specifically not allowed by IAS 36 (Majid and Adam, 2015). Reversal of Impairment losses are always recognized in profit and loss account of a company. In addition to this, adjustment of depreciation for future periods is also required in order to reflect revised carrying amount of an asset. Reversal of impairment loss for a cash-generating unit: In case of cash-generating unit, allocation of reversal of impairment losses to an asset of the unit, other than goodwill, is made (Zhuang, 2016). Such an allocation is made with the carrying amount of these assets on pro-rata basis. However, recorded amount of an asset shall not exceed above the lower of its recoverable amount and the recordable amount before taking into account any impairment loss. Assets which do not require Impairment test: Inventories, Deferred Tax Assets and assets held for resale are not required to undergo Impairment test, as specified by IAS 36. Disclosures Disclosures regarding impairment tests performed and recognition of impairments by a company are required as per International Accounting Standard 36 (Epstein and Jermakowicz, 2010). Disclosure requirements for impairment loss of Goodwill are vast than that of other assets. The important disclosure requirements are as follows: Amount of Impairment losses recognized in the profit and loss account of a company along with the amount by which impairment loss was reversed are required to be disclosed. Disclosure of events and circumstances that have led to the impairment loss of assets of the company is required to be disclosed. Description and amount of impairment loss of cash-generating unit is also required to be disclosed. Disclosures regarding the valuation method used to estimate recoverable amount and the key assumptions applied in determining the appropriate valuation method is also required. Practical Application: Calculation of Impairment Loss: = Carrying Amount - Recoverable Amount =$(171,000 + 180,000 + 160,000 + 700,000 + 400,000 + 40,000) - $1420, 000 = $1651, 000 - $1420, 000 =$231,000 Remaining Impairment loss = $ 231,000 - $40,000 = $191,000 Allocation of Impairment loss against all assets: Carrying Amount (1) Pro-rata (2) Impairment loss allocated (3) Adjusted carrying amount (1-3) Goodwill 40,000 40,000 0 Land 200,000 29,000 171,000 Inventory products 180,000 18*191,000/144 23875 156125 Brand Crossbow Shoes 160,000 16*191,000/144 21222 138778 Shoe factory 700,000 70*191,000/144 92847 607153 Machinery for manufacturing shoes 400,000 40*191,000/144 53056 346994 144,0000 191000 1420,000 Journal Entries: Amount ($) Amount ($) Dr. Impairment loss 260,000 Cr. Goodwill 40,000 Cr. Land 29000 Cr. Impairment loss- Inventory products 23875 Cr. Impairment loss- Brand Crossbow Shoes 21222 Cr. Impairment loss- Shoe factory 92847 Cr. Impairment loss- Machinery for manufacturing shoes 53056 Working Notes: Since the asset goodwill can arise only in business combination and cannot be separately recognized, therefore, FV CD for goodwill cannot be determined (Detzen, et al., 2015). Also, AASB 136 specifies that goodwill must be allocated to the lower level at which company evaluates the goodwill. Also, where recorded value of asset is greater than recoverable value, it is equals to impairment loss. If impairment loss is occurred in a CGU in case of goodwill, following allocation principles shall be applied: Decrease the recorded value of CGUs goodwill, to zero. Other assets of the CGU should be allocated on a pro-rata basis (Majid and Adam, 2015). Crossbow Ltd. has identified an impairment loss of $231,000. The remaining impairment loss is calculated as $191,000. Conclusion From the above discussions and practical application, it is concluded that Impairments are an essential component of the Financial Reporting process. Determination of impairment loss of a companys asset may become a complex and time-consuming process, but still the companys owners need to assess impairment loss of their assets, which have lost their value. It is also concluded that the finance team of a company must possess required skills and knowledge in order to select most appropriate approach and method for valuation of assets. Also, the top management of the company should also provide support and guidance while adopting the valuation process so as to fulfil the IAS 36 requirements. References Avallone, F. and Quagli, A., (2015) Insight into the variables used to manage the goodwill impairment test under IAS 36.Advances in Accounting,31(1), pp.107-114. Ballas, A., Panagiotou, V. and Tzovas, C., (2015) Accounting Choices for Tangible Assets: A Study of Greek Firms.SPOUDAI-Journal of Economics and Business,64(4), pp.18-38. Christian, D. and Ldenbach, N. (2013) IFRS Essentials. US: John Wiley Sons. Epstein, B. and Jermakowicz, E. (2010) WILEY Interpretation and Application of International Financial Reporting. US: John Wiley Sons. Glaum, M., Schmidt, P., Street, D.L. and Vogel, S., (2013) Compliance with IFRS 3-and IAS 36-required disclosures across 17 European countries: company-and country-level determinants.Accounting and business research,43(3), pp.163-204. Harris, P., Jermakowicz, E.K. and Epstein, B.J., (2014) Converting Financial Statements from US GAAP to IFRS.The CPA Journal,84(1), p.20. Jordan, C.E. and Clark, S.J., (2015) Do Canadian Companies Employ Big Bath Accounting When Recording Goodwill Impairment?.International Journal of Economics and Finance,7(9), p.159. Lavi, M. (2016) The Impact of IFRS on Industry. US: John Wiley Sons. Stice, E and Stice, J. (2011) Intermediate Accounting. US: Cengage Learning. Zhuang, Z., (2016) Discussion of An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance,56(1), pp.289-294. Detzen, D., Wersborg, T.S.G. and Zlch, H., (2015) Bleak Weather for Sun-Shine AG: A Case Study of Impairment of Assets.Issues in Accounting Education,30(2), pp.18-39. Majid, J.A. and Adam, N.C., (2015) Resistance to Institutional Change through Decoupling.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(4), p.531.

Sociological imagination Essay Example

Sociological imagination Essay To give a definition for ‘sociological imagination’ we must first give a definition for sociology, which is the study of the human society and is the main component of sociological imagination. (Mills, 1959 )One of the fundamental contributors to the concept of sociological imagination is C. Wright Mills who had a unique approach to sociology. As per C. Wright Mills â€Å"Neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society can be understood without understanding both†.In his book The Sociological Imagination, Mills used the same famous phrase which is used in society today. Sociological imagination is a way of been able to ‘think ourselves away’ from our familiar routines of day to day living in order to look at them from a new perspective. Mills define Sociological Imagination as ‘the vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and the wider society. ’ It is the ability to see things socially and how they interact a nd influence each other. To have a sociological imagination, a person must distance himself from the situation and look at it from a different point of view.Willis argued that sociology requires a particular type of imagination, sociological imagination; that sociology cannot be based purely on individual experiences but by linking ones individual and private experiences with a broader spectrum approach. Jureidini and Poole explained that sociologists studied the broad structural factors, the processes and practises that influences everyday life and vice versa. Mills describes the components of sociological imagination as the influences that connect lives (biographies) and history within society`s structure.To consider the sociological imagination, you must think of the relationship between biography, structure and history within society. The sociological imagination helps a person to understand why there are certain attitudes, behaviours and believes. It gives us ideas and theories on how to analyse what we see and read every day. So that we can evaluate social issues, and link them to our everyday lives and experiences. Mills considered aspects of both micro (private issues) and macro (public issues) approaches as influences to the study of society. Personal troubles are privately felt problems while public issues affect society as a whole†. To explain the distinction between a person or private issue and a public issue clearly I will use the following example: If a teenager abuses alcohol at home, this would be a very private issue creating much emotion and pain within the family unit. However, if forty five present of our youth abuses alcohol and there is a whole criminal subculture supporting the maintenance of alcohol abuse then it would be a public issue.This scenario must consider biographical and historical circumstances to evaluate the impact of such an issue. A private issue impacts society on a micro scale by adding to the problem and society contributes to each individual case because of the influences society can have on each person as an individual. The impact that alcohol abuse has on a family can be very bad but when seen through the eyes of the sociological imagination, the influence on society can be just as bad. Analysis of newspaper articles: ‘Tokyo denies physically abusing wife’Tokyo Sexwale was allegedly abusing his wife Judy while they were married. Domestic violence can be seen as a private issue, as it is something that happened between Tokyo and Judy in the privacy of their home and it influenced the individuals involved on a personal level. In a lot of these cases the people involve blame and justify their actions on factors influencing the couple`s relationship. It is normally viewed by the couple as an issue between themselves because it is their own personal relationship. This could also have been the reason why Judy only waited to reveal this issue until the divorce.The experience must also have been very personal and troubling to Judy as it damages ones whole sense of being and self-worth. What happens in the privacy of their home made them think what a lot of people think ‘what goes on in the home is behind closed doors and not talked about with outsiders’. All of the above factors show how this can be seen as a private issue. All of this then changed when Judy made it public that she was abused by her husband. As woman abuse is a very real issue in society and also a criminal offence makes this a public issue as well.It is said that social factors such as gender inequalities and patriarchal structures influences domestic violence. Hence C. Wright Mills’ concept of sociological imagination, â€Å"the quality of mind to see what is going on in the world and what may be happening within it selves,† can be applied to this situation for it can be distinguished as both a private issue and a public issue. ‘Coptic Christians claim tortu re in Libyan detention centre’ The Christians that were captured chose their religion and wanted to serve God. They also chose to wear the crosses on their wrists to sow that they were Christians.This makes this a private issue. It was their own private believes that made them decide to be Christian. It could also have been that their families were Christians and that they followed in their parents believes as they were raised in that manner. It is a very personal thing between you and God. However it was made a public issue by the militia who rounded people up in a market to see if they had crosses on their wrists and then arrested them in front of all to see. This is creating a fear in society and among all the Christians in eastern Libya.They are second guessing their religion and wearing the crosses. It is creating division in society and people are now fighting among each other to what is the right religion to follow instead of it being a private matter of personal convi ction. The detention centres is also said to have more violence issues than ever before. This issue can therefore also be seen as a private as well as a public issue. Sociological imagination is according to me a very helpful tool in accepting what happened to you and the choices that you made in live.It helps you to see why you’re live turned out as it did and how society sees and accepts you.

Strategies for Improving Sentences on SAT Writing

Strategies for Improving Sentences on SAT Writing SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Improving sentences is the biggest subsection in SAT Writing. There are 49 total multiple choice questions on the SAT Writing section, and 25 of those are improving sentences questions. Arming yourself with specific strategies to answer these questions will be extremely beneficial to you and your SAT Writing score. In this post, I’ll do the following: Offer a general approach to use for answering sentence improvement questions. Detail the most common errors and clues for locating them. Show you how to correct the most common grammar errors. Provide example questions. General Approach to Improving Sentences For each improving sentences question, you should follow the same general approach to help ensure that you have an efficient method to consistently select the correct answer. By following these steps, you'll become less likely to make careless mistakes and more likely to arrive at the right answer in a timely manner. #1: Read the Sentence and Try to Identify Any Specific Errors in the Underlined Portion When you first read through the sentence, attempt to locate specific errors based on your knowledge of the grammar rules that are tested on the SAT Writing section. #2: Eliminate Obvious Wrong Answer Choices Eliminate any choices that are clearly wrong. If an answer choice creates another grammatical error or does not address the error you identified in the original answer choice, then you can immediately eliminate that answer choice as an option. Don't eliminate an answer choice solely because it sounds wrong. For all of the multiple choice SAT Writing questions, rely primarily on your knowledge of grammatical rules. #3: If You Don't Notice Anything Wrong With the Original Sentence, Look at the Answer Choices to Determine if You Overlooked an Error Sometimes reading the answer choices will make the error in the original sentence more apparent. Also, if an answer choice is more concise than the underlined portion of the original sentence and grammatically correct, then that will be the right answer. #4: Plug the Phrase in the Answer Choice Back Into the Original Sentence If an answer choice looks like it could be right, plug the phrase back into the original sentence. Sometimes reading the whole sentence will allow you to more easily determine if an answer choice is correct or if it creates an additional error. Use this step to verify your selection or testan answer choice you're unsure about. #5: Go Through The Answer Choices Until You Locate the Correct Improvement or Determine that No Change is Needed Your work is done once you find the answer choice that fixes the error in the original sentence and does not create an additonal error. You can quickly look at the remaining choices to verify that you have selected the best answer. If, after looking through the answer choices, you determine that the original sentence is correct, then select answer choice A, which is always the same as the underlined portion of the original sentence. Keep in mind that answer choice A will be right about 10%-20% of the time. Now that we have a general approach for sentence improvement questions, we can look at the specific grammar errors that repeatedly appear in the sentences in this subsection. I'll let you know the clues for spotting these errors and how to improve sentences that contain them. Read below for all the grammar rules you need to know for improving sentences. The Specific Grammar Errors: Signs and Improvements I arranged these grammatical errors by how often they tend to appear in sentence improvement questions, with the more common errors first and the least common ones last. All of these errors have appeared on previous SATs, and you should be familiar with all of these rules. Wordiness If a sentence suffers from wordiness, it is not written in the most concise grammatically correct way. Here are some tips for how to locate a wordy sentence. Signals Wordy sentences often contain gerunds in the underlined portion. Also, these sentences tend to employ the commonly used wordy phrases referenced in the article on wordiness. Once you spot a wordy sentence, it can generally be corrected in the following ways. Improvements Remember that the most concise grammatically correct answer choice will be right. Refer to the article on wordiness for the typical corrections to the commonly used wordy phrases. Parallelism Parallelism refers to the grammar rule that requires you to use the same pattern of words for two or more words or ideas in a sentence. Errors in parallelism occur when items in a list or phrases before and after a conjunction are not written in the same grammatical form. Check out the clues for identifying a parallel structure question. Signals A sentence is likely testing your knowledge of parallelism if the underlined portion is part of an "x, y, and z" list construction. Additionally, if an underlined phrase follows a conjunction, it often includes a parallel structure error. Because they're more difficult, parallelism questions tend to be found near the end of the subsection. Improvements To correct parallelism errors, put items in a list or phrases before and after a conjunction in the same grammatical form. For example, if two items in a list are in the gerund form, then the third item should be in the gerund form as well. Faulty Modifiers Another common grammar error on the improving sentences subsection is the faulty modifier. The basic rule regarding modifiers is that they must be placed next to the word they're modifying. So, how do you spot a faulty modifier? Signals Almost all of the faulty modifier questions deal with dangling modifiers. When a sentence begins with a modifying phrase, the intro must be immediately followed by a comma and then the noun it's describing. If the underlined phrase follows an introductory clause and a comma, make sure that the noun being described comes right after the comma. Improvements Place modifiers next to the words they describe. For the common dangling modifier questions, the noun being described should be placed right after the comma. Pronoun Agreement On the SAT, pronoun agreement means that pronouns must always have a clear antecedent and agree with the nouns they replace. Signals If a pronoun is part of the underlined phrase, look for errors in pronoun agreement. You must be able to identify an antecedent and the pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number. Improvements Every pronoun on the SAT should have a clear antecedent. The antecedent is the noun that the pronoun refers to. If a pronoun doesn't have a clear antecedent, replace it with a noun or make sure that the improved sentence does give ita clear antecedent. Also, make sure to use singular nouns with singular antecedents and plural pronouns with plural antecedents. My favorite pronoun Idioms/Wrong Word For questions related to idioms or word choice, you have to know how to properly construct idiomatic expressions and how to properly use specific words. These questions often do not correspond with a grammar rule and are the only ones where you may have to rely on what sounds right to correctly answer the question. Signals The idioms on the SAT tend to involve prepositions, gerunds, and infinitives. If any of these parts of speech are underlined, make sure that any idiomatic expression in the phrase is properly constructed. If one word of a word pair is in the underlined phrase, that can also signal a wrong word error.Common word pairs include "not only...but also", "both...and", "either..or", and "neither...nor". Note that conjunctions or adverbs in the underlined phrase can signal a word choice error as well. Improvements Typically, an improperly constructed idiomatic expression can be fixed by changing the preposition or the verb form. Word pair errors can be corrected by replacing the word that doesn't belong in the word pair with the word that does. For example, change "either...and" to "either...or." Make sure that the words in the underlined phrase express the intended meaning of the sentence. If the sentence shows contrast, then there should be a word like "but", "despite", or "although" in the sentence that indicates contrast. Run-Ons A run-on sentence (coming soon) consists of two or more complete thoughts that are not separated by the proper punctuation. Signals Usually, you'll find a run-on sentence created by a comma splice. Two complete thoughts will be separated by a comma. Improvements You can fix the comma splice by changing the comma to a semicolon. Or, you can change the construction of the sentence so that the comma is no longer separating two complete thoughts. Fragments A sentence fragment (coming soon) doesn't express a complete thought. Signals Sentence fragments often have a gerund or relative pronoun in the underlined phrase. Occasionally, a participle will be in the underlined portion and the sentence won't have a verb. Improvements Get rid of the relative pronoun or replace gerunds and participles with verbs. Make sure the improved sentence has a verb and expresses a complete thought. Subject-Verb Agreement Subject-verb agreement is a rule that states that all subjects must agree with their verbs in number. Singular subjects take singular verbs. Plural subjects take plural verbs. Signals If a verb is underlined, especially if the answer choices have different present/present perfect tense conjugations, then you should check for a subject-verb agreement error. Improvements Change the verb from plural to singular or from singular to plural. Just a few more rules to go Verb Forms Verb form (coming soon) questions will test you on verb tenses, gerunds, and infinitives. You need to know which tense and verb form to use in a given sentence. Signals Verb form questions will have a verb, gerund, or infinitive in the underlined phrase. The answer choices will have different different verb forms. Improvements Follow consistency rules with verbs and make sure that all verb tenses are being used properly. In sentences with gerunds or infinitives, verify that all idiomatic expressions are constructed correctly. Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns (coming soon) are "who", "whom", "whose", "which", "where", "when", and "that". Relative pronouns must agree with the nouns they're replacing. For example, use "where" when referring to places and "when" when referring to a specific time. Signals If a relative pronoun is part of the underlined phrase, then there may be a relative pronoun error. Improvements Make sure you use the proper relative pronoun for the noun that is being replaced and that the pronoun has a clear antecedent. Occasionally, you will have to remove a relative pronoun to fix a sentence fragment. Illogical Comparisons The rule for illogical comparisons is that you can only compare equivalent things. Signals The underlined phrase will often follow a word in the comparative form. In every illogical comparison question, there will be a comparison in the sentence. Improvements Make sure the sentence is comparing like things. For example, you have to compare books to books and people to people. You can't compare a book to a person. Noun Agreement Noun agreement means that a singular person/thing can't be a plural noun and vice versa. Incorrect: John and Sarah want to become a doctor. Correct: John and Sarah want to become doctors. Signals Multiple nouns in a sentence, including one in the underlined phrase, can signal a noun agreement error. Improvements When necessary, make sure nouns agree in number. Now that we're familiar with all of the specific grammar rules covered on the improving sentences subsection, here are some more general rules to keep in mind. General Tips The Most Concise Answer is Often Right Underlined phrases in sentence improvement questions will often be awkward and wordy. Focus on selecting the clearest, most concise answer choice. Consistency is Key Many of the grammar errors have to do with inconsistency. Errors in parallelism, verb forms, and comparisons can often be fixed by focusing on consistency. Gerunds, Especially "Being", Often Signal an Error Sentence improvement questions tend to use gerunds to create fragments, wordiness, and idiom errors. If a gerund is part of an underlined phrase, make sure the gerund is being used correctly. Use these tips to answer actual questions from the SAT Writing section. Real SAT Examples We're going to use the grammar rules and strategies you've just learned to answer the followingsentence improvement question. First, let's try to identify any errors in the underlined portion of the sentence. The presence of the gerunds "tempting" and "straining" signals that there is likely a parallelism, fragment, or wordiness error. After reading the entire sentence, you should recognize that it lacks a main verb and is not expressing a complete thought. As such, this sentence is a fragment. One possible way to correct this error would be to change the gerunds to verbs, so let's keep that in the back of our minds as we go through the answer choices. Immediately, we can get rid of A and D because they keep "tempting" in the gerund form, and thusdon't fix the error. Answer choice B fixes the fragment by changing "tempting" to "tempt" but creates a word choice error. The correct word pair is "not only...but also" rather than "not only...but then." Upon first glance, answer choice C might look correct, but you should always make sure that every verb is in the proper form and tense. The subject of the sentence is "demands", which is plural. Therefore, the verb should be in the plural form. The verbs "tempts" and "strains" are in the singular form, so answer choice C creates an error in subect-verb agreement. We're left with answer choice E. The verbs "tempt" and "strain" are consistent and they agree with the subject. The resulting sentence is no longer a fragment and there is no additional error. The correct answer is E. We'll use the same process to answer another real SAT question from the improving sentences subsection. Again, we'll start by trying to find the error in the underlined portion. The first word "was" is a verb. Remember to make sure all underlined verbs are in the correct form and agree with their subjects. The subject of this sentence is "two", which is plural, but the verb is "was", which is in the singular form. There is an error in subject-verb agreement. After looking at the answer choices, we can get rid of A, B, and C right away since none of those choices correct the subject-verb agreement error. Those eliminations leave just choices D and E, both of which replace "was" with the correctly conjugated verb, "were." However, D also includes the exra word "the," so it is less clear and concise than E. Remember that the most concise grammatically correct answer choice will be correct. The answer is E. What's Next? Read this article to learn the big secret to SAT Writing. If you want more review on all of the grammar rules tested on the SAT Writing section, check out the complete guide to SAT Writing grammar and what's actually tested on SAT Writing. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Writing and grammar lesson, you'll love our program. Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

How to get rid of depression

How to get rid of depression Learn the effective ways how to get rid of depression Very often it becomes harder for us to enjoy our lives and be satisfied with the current state of things and the things around us. The thoughts that that we are not satisfied with this or that come into our heads, bringing the feelings that everything is bad and there is no way to solve problem, if any. That is the state of depression and in such a situation it is very important not to let these feelings evolve and become stronger. Below you can find the ways and means how to get rid of depression and enjoy your life. Sports It has been proved a long time before that physical activity helps to keep mental and psychological condition of human’s body. Very often when you feel bad morally or mentally, it is a good means to improve your state by going in for sports. Doing physical exercises requires concentration and dedication, so you need to improve your thinking to do all this. And as a result you can clear up your head of bad thoughts or some irritation and develop your body at the same time. Sport can become your personal psychologist, who will take care of your wellbeing. Food Yes, this is right, food can help you improve your mental state and bring you joy. But at the same time it is very important to have the right approach to it. If you eat unhealthy food or a big amount of it – it will bring you no good. Though, eating something healthy, useful and, of course, tasteful can help you receive those pleasant feelings to conquer the depression and put it off. This can also help you develop new and right approach to nutrition as the means to support your health and physical shape. And this is an effective way to get rid of depression and to enjoy fine food. Travelling Finding out something new in one’s life is very useful to overcome the depression. And in such a situation why not discover some new places around and enjoy visiting them. Changing of surrounding is very effective for improving your mental condition. Also when travelling, you are able to meet new people or new cultures and by interacting with them, you can easily change your life and bring new positive emotions in it. New connections can make your life more interesting and absorbing. Self-education By learning something new we also get things to become better and to change our mindset. New information or skills can improve our thinking and moral condition. No matter if it is reading new books or studying some new disciplines or undergoing particular academic programs – it is very effective for you to become better and more sophisticated. When we conceive new information, we greatly improve our way of thinking and the ability to treat various things in a right manner. The learning process is a good means to obviate depression and make your life better. Right thinking No matter in what conditions we live, we can always be happy. Everything depends on the way we treat this or that thing. Some people have a lot of things in his or her life, or at least a lot more than others, though still thinking that it is not enough or all this is not so good. But pessimistic attitude will never result in anything good for you. The way how we treat everything around us greatly depends on the way of our thinking, so if you want to live a happy life, you should think in a positive way. Engaging in positive course of conduct will help in dealing your problems and bring you optimistic outcome. The above stated things can direct you in the right way to make your life more interesting and full of bright colors. When comprehending something new we evolve and improve ourselves. We hope that these clues will help you get rid of depressive thoughts once and for all.

Debate outline Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Debate outline - Research Paper Example The ethical dilemma for the medical profession and the family of the afflicted individual give rise to ongoing debates. Both sides present strong arguments for their side. II. Facts for Pro and Con side a. Pro side-Seven facts to support the Pro side of the debate In more ways, the aging group is more susceptible to developing clinical conditions that require extensive hospitalization, as most present protracted medical status; however, the exact pathophysiological path towards worsening condition remained indefinable (Kaufman, 2009). As such, clinical practitioners may try a number of treatment procedures with vague clinical presentation, possibly even during critical times in patient status, but these measures may remain in futile attempts as they do not target the exact cause of geriatric condition. In most cases, the education and vast clinical experiences that health professionals have acquired in academic and clinical settings do not assure that they are no longer liable to mak e clinical errors, especially on the side of the â€Å"omnipotent† physicians in predicting the outcomes of patients’ condition and course of disease process.